Nephrology and Therapeutics

Nephrology is a branch of medical science that deals with function and diseases of the kidneys and it focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of kidney diseases.

The kidneys are paired retroperitoneal organs that lie at the level of the T12 to L3 vertebral bodies. The kidney has a fibrous capsule, which is surrounded by pararenal fat. The kidney itself can be divided into renal parenchyma, consisting of renal cortex and medulla, and the renal sinus containing renal pelvis, calyces, renal vessels, nerves, lymphatics and perirenal fat. The renal parenchyma has two layers: cortex and medulla. The renal cortex lies peripherally under the capsule while the renal medulla consists of 10-14 renal pyramids, which are separated from each other by an extension of renal cortex called renal columns. The kidneys serve important functions, including filtration and excretion of metabolic waste products (urea and ammonium); regulation of necessary electrolytes, fluid, and acid-base balance; and stimulation of red blood cell production. They also serve to regulate blood pressure via the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, controlling reabsorption of water and maintaining intravascular volume.

The kidneys also reabsorb glucose and amino acids and have hormonal functions via erythropoietin, calcitriol, and vitamin D activation.

Related Conferences: 5^th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting March 31-April 02, 2016, Spain; 6^th  Annual Conference on Clinical Nephrology May 9-11, 2016, USA; 7^th  European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016 Alicante, Spain ;Annual Meeting on Pediatric Nephrology May 9-11, 2016, USA; 9^th  World Nephrology Congress August 18-20, 2016, Brazil; Australian and New Zealand Society of Nephrology 17 -21 September, 2016, Australia; Kidney Week- American Society of Nephrology 31 October - 05 November 2016, USA; American Society of Nephrology 15-20 November, 2016, USA; 53^rd  European Renal Association 21-24 May,2016, Austria; Asian Pacific Society of Nephrology 17-21 September 2016, Australia.

Hypertension

Patients with all types of kidney disease and hypertension. This includes kidney stones, chronic or acute kidney diseases due to any cause, resistant or secondary hypertension, unexplained proteinuria or hematuria, cystic kidney diseases, inherited kidney diseases, fluid and electrolyte homeostasis abnormalities, pregnancy pregnancy related Kidney Diseases, vascular kidney diseases, nephrotic syndrome, glomerulonephritis, and others.High blood pressure (also called hypertension) occurs when the force of your blood against your artery walls increases enough to cause damage. For people who have diabetes or chronic kidney disease, blood pressure of 130/80 or more is considered high. Have a family history of high blood pressure. Your chances of developing high blood pressure may be increased if you: Have chronic kidney disease (CKD), Are overweight, Are African American. Use a lot of table salt, eat a lot of packaged or fast foods,Use birth control pills, Have diabetes,Use illegal drugs, Drink large amounts of alcohol (beer, wine, or liquor). Some types of kidney failure may cause high blood pressure. More often it is high blood pressure that causes kidney Diseases .

Related Conferences: The 4th International Conference on Prehypertension, Hypertension & Cardio Metabolic Syndrome, Mar 03-06, 2016 ,Venice, Italy; 5^th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting ,March 31- April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain ; 2nd Azerbaijan- Turkey Nephrology Congress, Oct 09 -10, 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan; 4th International Conference on Prehypertension, Hypertension & Cardio Metabolic Syndrome, March 03- 06, 2016 ,Venice, Italy; Kidney Week- American Society of Nephrology, November 03 - 08, 2015, San Diego, California; 7th European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology& therapeutics , September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney Transplantation, September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain.

Diabetics

Diabetics is typically defined by macro albuminuria—that is, a urinary albumin excretion of more than 300 mg in a 24-hour collection—or macro albuminuria and abnormal renal function (Renal function test) as represented by an abnormality in serum creatinine, calculated creatinine clearance, or glomerular filteration  rate (GFR). Clinically, diabetic nephropathy is characterized by a progressive increase in proteinuria and decline in GFR, hypertension, and a high risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Diabetic nephropathy is a clinical syndrome characterized by the following: Persistent albuminuria (>300 mg/d or >200 μg/min) that is confirmed on at least 2 occasions 3-6 months apart ,Progressive decline in the glomerular filtration rate (GFR), Elevated arterial blood pressure. Proteinuria was first recognized in diabetes mellitus in the late 18th century. In the 1930s, Kimmelstiel and Wilson described the classic lesions of nodular glomerulosclerosis in diabetes associated with proteinuria and hypertension. By the 1950s, kidney Disease  was clearly recognized as a common complication of diabetes, with as many as 50% of patients with diabetes of more than 20 years having this complication Currently, diabetic nephropathy is the leading cause of chronic nephrology disease in the United States and other Western societies. It is also one of the most significant long-term complications in terms of morbidity and mortality for individual patients with diabetes. Diabetes is responsible for 30-40% of all end stage renal disease (ESRD) cases in the United States. Generally, diabetic nephropathy is considered after a routine urinalysis and screening for micro albuminuria in the setting of diabetes.

Related Conferences: XVIII International Congress on Nutrition and Metabolism in Renal Disease 2016,April 19, 2016 - 23, 2016,Okinawa, Japan ; 5th World Congress on Controversies to Consensus in Diabetes, Obesity and Hypertension, Nov 05-07, 2015 ,Istanbul, Turkey;2015 International School of Thyroid Ultrasonography, Nov 13 -14, 2015, Pisa, Italy; Diabetes Therapy &management Congress, Nov 16-17, 2015, London, United Kingdom; World Diabetes Congress (WDC) 2015, Nov 30 - 04, 2015 ,Vancouver, Canada; 7th European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology & Therapeutics, September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney Transplantation, September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain.

Genetics in kidney diseases

Renal cystic disease comprises a wide range of disease entities. They can be classified as either (1) hereditary or acquired or (2) systemic or renal confined diseases that have the common feature of multiple renal cysts. Each disease entity differs in its presentation, prognosis, and management. Renal cysts  are smooth-walled, fluid-filled circular structures formed by focal outpouching of renal tubules. The pathogenesis of cyst formation has not been entirely elucidated. However, tremendous strides have been made in recent years. For autosomal dominant and autosomal recessive polycystic polycystic kidney Diseases (ADPKD and ARPKD), a picture is starting to emerge. Defects in the primary ciliary sensing mechanisms, intracellular calcium regulation, and cellular cyclic AMP (cAMP) accumulation all seem to play a role in the altered cellular phenotype and functions.

Today, treatment includes risk modification, management of complications, and Acute Renal replacement Therapy or dialysis. There is no definitive therapy to eliminate or to retard cyst growth. A better understanding of its pathogenesis offers hope in the near future for correcting the underlying abnormalities in cystic pathways. Advances in genetic techniques are providing novel insights into kidney diseases (Hereditary Diseases), especially diagnosis, classification, pathogenesis and therapy.

Related Conferences: 9th International Congress on Uremia Research and Toxicity, March 17- 20, 2016 ,Guadalajara, Mexiko; Metabolic & Endocrine Disease Summit MEDS East, Oct 07- 10, 2015, Orlando, United States; 15th International Thyroid Congress, Oct 18-23, 2015 

Orlando, United States; Keystone Symposia on Diabetes: New Insights into Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Strategies, Oct 23-29, 2015 ,Kyoto, Japan; Diabetes Therapy & Management Congress, Nov 16-17, 2015,London, United Kingdom; 7th European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology & Therapeutics, September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney Transplantation, September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain.

Nephrology dialysis

Nephrology dialysis is the artificial process of eliminating waste (diffusion) and unwanted water (ultrafiltration) from the blood. Our kidneys do this naturally. Some people, however, may have failed or damaged kidneys which cannot carry out the function properly - they may need dialysis. In other words, dialysis is the artificial replacement for lost kidney function (Acute renal replacement therapy).Dialysis may be used for patients who have become ill and have acute kidney failure (temporary loss of kidney function), or for fairly stable patients who have permanently lost kidney function  When we are healthy our kidneys regulate our body levels of water and minerals, and remove waste. The kidneys also produce erthropoyietin and 1,25-dihydroxycholecalciferol (calcitriol) as part of the endocrine system. Dialysis does not correct the endocrine functions of failed kidneys - it only replaces some kidney functions, such as waste removal and fluid removal . Dialysis and altitude - A study published in February 2009 found that death rates for dialysis patients are 10%-15% lower for those whose homes are higher than 4,000 feet, compared to those who live at sea level. Some countries, such as the UK, are predicting a doubling of the number of patients on dialysis machine. Approximately 1,500 liters of blood are filtered by a healthy person's kidneys each day. We could not live if waste products were not removed from our kidneys. People whose kidneys either do not work properly or not at all experience a buildup of waste in their blood. Without dialysis the amount of waste products in the blood would increase and eventually reach levels that would cause coma and death. Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis is also used to rapidly remove toxins or drugs from the blood.

Related Conferences: 7th European Nephrology  Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology & Therapeutics, September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney transplantation , September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain; 20th International Conference on Continuous Renal  renal Replacement therapy  (CRRT 2015), Feb 17-20, 2015, San Diego, California, USA; Annual Dialysis Conference, Feb 27 - March 1, 2016,Seattle, Washington; Rheuma/Nephro Refresher, 08 Oct 08-10, 2015,     Munich, Germany; The International Society for Hemodialysis Congress (ISHD2015),September 13- 16, 2015, Malaysia; 14th Annual Update in Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation 2015 September 18-19, 2015, Minneapolis, Minnesota, United States.

Nephrology Treatments

The kidneys are bean-shaped organs located on either side of the lower back. They are extremely important for the body in that they process waste and toxins before they are sent to the bladder as urine. If the kidney becomes damaged or fails completely, it becomes unable to properly process this waste. This lack of function causes Renal failure , also called Kidney failure. The kidneys play a vital role in maintaining every day bodily function. They not only filter the blood and get rid of waste, but they also balance out electrolyte levels in the body which help encourage the production of red blood cells and normalize blood pressure. Understanding what kidney failure is will help you better prevent it from occurring. Kidney failure, also known as renal failure, may not present many symptoms in the beginning. However, as the kidneys continue to decrease in function, they become unable to regulate water and electrolyte balances, clear waste products from the body, and promote red blood cell production which leads to the onset of symptoms including: lethargy, weakness, shortness of breath and occasional swelling. If left untreated, then life-threatening symptoms can occur, which range from heart failure to coma.

When kidney function gets significantly reduced due to kidney failure, the damage cannot usually be reversed. However, if the proper steps are taken early enough, then it could slow down the progress of kidney failure or even halt it altogether. The treatment for kidney failure differs depending on what phase the kidney failure is and other individual factors. For those whose kidneys no longer function well enough on their own without renal therapy, specialist will typically recommend either renal dialysis or a kidney transplant. There are two kinds of dialysis—Hemodialysis and Peritonel Dialysis (Ambulatory Peritoneal Dialysis). Dialysis does some of the things a normal kidney does, such as: removes extra water from the body and removes the waste products that have built up in the blood. Hemodialysis is usually done in a dialysis center; however there are some patients who use this therapy at home. Nurses and technicians do your dialysis treatment.

Related Conferences: 7th European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology & Therapeutics, September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney Transplantation, September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain; Diagnosis& management  of Patients with Fabry Nephropathy, October 15-17, 2015, Dublin, Ireland; International Conference on Targeting Diabetes and Novel Therapeutics ,September 14-16, 2015 ,Las Vegas, Nevada, USA; 5^th Global Nephrologists  Annual Meeting , March 31- April 02, 2016, Valencia, Spain ; Rheuma /Nephro Refresher, Oct 08-10, 2015, Munich, Germany; 9th Global Diabetologists Annual Meeting and Medicare Expo
 June 06-08, 2016 ,Dallas, USA.

Home Therapies for Kidney care

Kidney Care aims to discover advances in health practice, management and education in relation to health disparities as well as a breadth of other topics, here are two types of administrators, generalists and specialists. Generalists are responsible for managing entire facilities. Specialists are responsible for particular department such as finance, accounting, budgeting, and human resources. The District Health System is recognised as the most appropriate vehicle for the delivery of health care. Health promotion is an important aspect of renal care. To attract patients and improve population health management, health systems are expanding primary care networks by adding non-traditional access points such as retail clinics, onsite clinics, e-visits, and hybrid clinic sites. Practitioners are encouraged to embrace innovation within their practice to further escalate the treatment process and improve patient outcomes.

Since no specific in alternative and Ayurvedic medicine for kidney can help treat kidney failure effectively, the best method is to combine them. Immunotherapy, as one great breakthrough in treating end-stage kidney disease, is just a combination of advanced western medical technologies and traditional herbal medicines.

Related Conferences: International Conference on Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, November 21-23, 2016, UAE, 4th Asia-Pacific Global Summit & Expo on Healthcare, Australia, Annual Congress and Medicare Expo on Trauma & Critical Care, March 07-09, 2016, Spain, 7th Global Nursing and Healthcare Conference August 18-20, 2016, Brazil, Clinical Nurse Specialist Annual Meeting 2016, Nov 7-9, 2016, Australia. Adult and Pediatric Critical Care for Primary Care Providers Western Caribbean Cruise, February 7–14 2016, USA, 2016 Critical Care and Emergency Nursing Conference Seminar, January 25, 2016, USA, 2015 Critical Care and Emergency Nursing Conference, December 02, 2015, Hawaii.

Renal Transplantation

The Kidney is the most commonly transplanted organ from a living donor and the deceased donor transplantation is a transplant where the donated kidney takes from died person.  Immunosuppressive medications that help suppress the immune system. Pediatric Renal transplantation is accepted as the treatment option for children with final stage of renal disease. HLA and ABO incompatible transplantations conduct in end-stage kidney disease individuals. Hyperacute rejection usually takes place within the first 24 hours after transplantation. Chronic acute kidney rejection occurs months to years following transplantation.

Kidney treatment will depend on the stage of kidney diseases. Stages one, two and three can usually be treated. Treatment involves making changes to the lifestyle and, in some cases, taking medication to control the blood pressure and lower your blood cholesterol levels. This should help prevent further damage to the kidneys and circulation.

Related Conferences: 6th Gastroenterology and Gastroenterologists Annual Meeting June 16-18, 2016, USA; International Conference on Endoscopy Nov 17-19, 2016, USA; European Gastroenterology Conference October 24-26, 2016, Spain; International Conference on Clinical Gastroenterology & Hepatology October 03-05, 2016, Canada ; 2nd International Conference on Hepatology May 09-11, 2016, USA; The International Liver Congress, April 13-17 2016, Spain; 31st Annual New Treatments in Chronic Liver Disease, 19-20 March 2016, USA; World Congress on Interventional Therapies for Type 2 Diabetes & Diabetes Surgery Summit 2015, September 28–30 2015, United Kingdom; International Society for Pediatric and Adolescent Diabetes and Australian Paediatric Endocrine Group Joint Scientific Meeting 2015, October 07-10 2015, Australia.

Types of surgeries for kidney cancer

The stages of kidney disease are determined by the glomerular filtration rate. Glomerular filtration is the process by which the kidneys filter the blood, removing excess wastes and fluids. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is a calculation that determines how well the blood is filtered by the kidneys. It is one way to measure kidney types.

They are Acute kidney disease is the sudden loss of kidney function that occurs when high levels of waste products of the body's metabolism accumulate in the blood. Chronic Kidney Disease is a gradual development of permanent kidney disease that worsens over a number of years. Pediatric Kidney Disease can affect children in various ways, ranging from treatable disorders without long-term consequences to life-threatening conditions. Polycystic Kidney Disease is characterized by the growth of numerous kidney cysts, which cause abnormalities in both the kidney structure and function. Hypertension Uncontrolled hypertension can damage many organs in the body including kidneys.

The purpose of the kidney disease diet is to limit the amount of protein in the diet so that less urea is produced.

Related Conferences: International Conference on Hypertension & Treatment August 04-06, 2016, Canada; International Conference on Arrhythmia July 14-15, 2016, Australia; 4^th International Congress on Bacteriology and Infectious, May 16-18, 2016, USA; 3^rd  International Conference on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, July 11-12, 2016, Australia; French Society of Dialysis and Society of Nephrology October 22–24 2015, France; International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis September 12 -14, Australia; Simulation of Dialysis Access July 14-15, 2016, United States; Diabetes Therapy & Management Congress November 16-17, 2016, UK; 6th Congress of the European Academy of Pediatric Societies October 21-25 2016, Switzerland.

Clinical Nephrologists

The kidneys are vital for life with their complex network of blood vessels and intricate network of tubes and tubules that filter blood of its waste products and excess water.The kidneys maintain the fluid, electrolyte, and acid-base regulation that are altered by several disease conditions as well as drugs and toxins. Nephrology is a specialty of medicine and pediatrics that concerns itself with the study of normal kidney function , kidney problems, the treatment of kidney problems and renal replacement therapy (dialysis and kidney transplantation). Nephrology deals with study of the normal working of the kidneys as well as its diseases. The diseases that come under the scope of nephrology include:-

Glomerular disorders that affect the tiny filtering systems of the kidneys called the glomerulus, Urine abnormalities such as excess excretion of protein, sugar, blood, casts, crystals etc. Tubulointerstitial diseases affecting the tubules in the kidneys, Renal vascular diseases affecting the blood vessel networks within the kidneys, Kidney failure that can be sudden or acute or long term or chronic, Kidney and bladder stones, Kidney infections, Cancers of the kidneys, bladder, and urethra, Effects of diseases like diabetes and high blood pressure on kidneys, Acid base imbalances, Nephroticsyndrome  and nephritis, Ill effects of drugs and toxins on the kidneys, Dialysis and its long term complications - dialysis includes hemodialysis as well as peritoneal dialysis, Autoimmune diseases including autoimmune vasculitis, lupus, etc. Polycystic kidneys diseases where large cysts or fluid filled sacs are formed within the kidney impairing its functions - this is a congenital and inherited or genetic condition.

Related Conferences: 7th European Nephrology Conference November 7-9, 2016, Alicante, Spain; 6th International Conference on Nephrology & therapeutics, September 29-October 01, 2016,Miami, USA ; International Conference on Kidney Transplantation, September 29-October 1, 2016, Miami, USA ; 5th Global Nephrologists Annual Meeting, March 31-April 02, 2016 ,Valencia, Spain; 14th Mayo Clinic Annual Update in Nephrology and Kidney Transplantation 2015, September 18 -19, 2015, Minneapolis , United States; 46th Annual Conference of Indian Society of Nephrology 2015, December 17- 20, 2015; Bengaluru, India, 21st International Conference on Advances in Critical Care Nephrology , February 16-19, 2016, San Diego, USA; 2nd Azerbaijan-Turkey Nephrology Congress, Oct 09-10, 2015, Baku, Azerbaijan.

Nephrology Nursing

Nephrology Nursing is a planned attempt to increase nursing knowledge by the discovery of new facts through systematic enquiry. It includes: Improvement in patient care, reduced cost of kidney care provision, Accountability and protection against litigation, Addition to the existing body of nursing knowledge, Enhancement of nursing as a profession.

Renal care nursing is the field of nursing with a focus on the most extreme consideration of the discriminatingly sick or unsteady chronic kidney patients. Contamination revultion and nursing consideration is the control concerned with turning away nosocomial or health awareness related disease, a functional (as opposed to scholastic) sub-order of the study of disease transmission. Infants who need escalated restorative consideration are regularly conceded into a unique region of the clinic called the Neonatal serious care and nursing consideration. The part of backing in discriminating nursing consideration: Critical consideration medical attendants work in a wide assortment of settings, filling numerous parts including bedside clinicians, attendant teachers, medical caretaker analysts, medical caretaker supervisors, clinical medical caretaker authorities and medical attendant professionals. Measurements of Renal Care Nursing's mission is to give attendants exact, current, and applicable data and lodging to exceed expectations in discriminating consideration rehearse.

Related Conferences: International Conference on Intensive & Critical Care Nursing, November 21-23, 2016, UAE, 4th Asia-Pacific Global Summit & Expo on Healthcare, Australia, Annual Congress and Medicare Expo on Trauma & Critical Care, March 07-09, 2016, Spain, 7th Global Nursing and Healthcare Conference August 18-20, 2016, Brazil, Clinical Nurse Specialist Annual Meeting 2016, Nov 7-9, 2016, Australia. Adult and Pediatric Critical Care for Primary Care Providers Western Caribbean Cruise, February 7–14 2016, USA, 2016 Critical Care and Emergency Nursing Conference Seminar, January 25, 2016, USA, 2015 Critical Care and Emergency Nursing Conference, December 02, 2015, Hawaii.

Nephrology Meeting

There are several hospitals offering kidney treatments including dialysis and transplantation. They are well known for health care and fast recovery is promised from the hospital combined with a pleasant and suitable caring atmosphere. According to the global statistics they were nearly 12000 Hospitals in cites associated with kidney treatments and 17790 doctors of USA working in the hospitals.

Nephrology Societies leads the fight against kidney disease by educating health professionals, sharing new knowledge, advancing research, and advocating the highest quality care for patients. As per the statistics they were 9,000 Nephrology societies across the globe. Nephrology devices market is segmented by type into dialysis equipment, Kidney stone treatment devices, urinary incontinence & pelvic organ prolapse devices, endoscopy devices and benign prosthetic hyperplasia treatment devices. Dialysis equipment is the largest segment of the market due to rising incidences of chronic kidney diseases. Geographically, the market is segmented into North America, Europe, Asia-Pacific and LAMEA. Currently, USA is the largest region in the nephrology devices market with leading dialysis and sacral neurostimulation market.

Related Conferences: International Conference on Next Generation Sequencing July 21-22, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 5th International Conference on Computational Systems Biology August 22-23, 2016 Philadelphia, USA; 7th International Conference on Bioinformatics October 27-28, 2016 Chicago, USA; International Conference on Synthetic Biology September 28-30, 2015 Houston, USA; 4th International Conference on Integrative Biology July 18-20, 2016 Berlin, Germany; 1st International Conference on Pharmaceutical Bioinformatics (ICPB 2016), Jan 24–26 2016, Pattaya, Thailand; EMBL Conference: The Epitranscriptome, Apr 20–22 2016, Heidelberg, Germany; 2016 Whole-Cell Modeling Summer School, Apr 3–8 2016, Barcelona, Spain; 3rd International Molecular Pathological Epidemiology (MPE) Meeting, May 12–13 2016, Boston, USA; 5th Drug Formulation, Solubility and Bioavailability Summit, Jan 25–27 2016, Philadelphia, USA.